Grade 8 Social Studies Tennessee standards Standards

Reconstruction (1865-1877): Students will analyze the social, economic, and political changes and conflicts during Reconstruction, the events and lasting consequences of Reconstruction, and Reconstruction’s impact on Tennessee.

The Civil War (1860-1865): Students will examine the political changes that sparked the Civil War, the differences in the North and South, and the key leaders, events, battles, and daily life during the war.

Expansion and Division of the Nation (1820s-1860s): Students will analyze the social, political, and economic impact of expansion on the United States, the growing tensions between the North and South, and how compromise sought to hold the country together.

Sectionalism and Reform (1790s-1850s): Students will analyze the social, political, and economic development of the North and South during the early 19th century, including the growth of sectionalism and reform movements.

Growth of a Young Nation (1800-1820): Students will analyze the strengthening of the judicial branch, the major events of Thomas Jefferson’s presidency, the War of 1812, and the role of the United States on the world stage.

The New Nation (1775-1800): Students will explore the foundation of U.S. government, the principles of the Articles of Confederation and the U.S. Constitution, and the individuals who played influential roles in the development of the new nation. In addition, students will examine the steps taken by Tennessee to achieve statehood and the initial development of government.

The American Revolution (1700-1783): Students will explore the growing tensions between Great Britain and its colonies as well as the major events and outcomes surrounding the American Revolution.

Colonization (1607-1750): Students will examine the European settlement of North America, geographic features that influenced early colonies, and the social, religious, political, and economic reasons for colonization.

Social Studies Practices

Compare and contrast the British, Dutch, French, and Spanish colonies in North America, including their geographic location, economic focus, and treatment of American Indians.

Explain the religious and/or economic motivations for the founding of the Thirteen English Colonies.

Describe hardships experienced by the early colonists, including the first years of the Jamestown and Plymouth colonies.

Identify and locate on a map the physical and political features of the Thirteen English Colonies, including:

Location of each colony

Three colonial regions (i.e., New England, Middle, and Southern)

Mississippi River

Appalachian Mountains

Ohio River

Compare and contrast the religious groups in the Thirteen English Colonies, including the Puritans and the Quakers.

Compare types of government in the Thirteen English Colonies, including self-government, representative government, and theocracy.

Explain the development of democratic ideologies that developed in the Thirteen English Colonies, including expansion of voting rights (e.g., Connecticut), freedom of religion, town meetings, and separation of church and state (e.g., Rhode Island).

Describe the three colonial regions, and explain the relationship between the geography and economy in the development of each area (e.g., resources and industries).

Describe the labor systems of the colonial period, including indentured servants, apprenticeships, and African enslavement.

Examine the origins and growth of African enslavement in the colonies, including the conditions of the Middle Passage, the impact of Bacon’s Rebellion, and the slave codes.

Explain the economic impact of the triangular trade.

Describe the significance of the First Great Awakening, including its role in unifying the colonies and the growth of religious tolerance.

Explain the significance of the Ohio River Valley leading to the French and Indian War and the events and consequences of the conflict, including the Treaty of Paris of 1763, war debt, and the Proclamation Line of 1763.

Identify the influence of the Cumberland Gap in the settling of Tennessee.

Analyze the influence of Benjamin Franklin as a revolutionary thinker, including the "Join or Die" cartoon, the Albany Plan of Union, and serving as an ambassador.

Analyze the events, ideas, and groups that led to the American Revolution, including:

Mercantilism

“taxation without representation”

Influence of colonial protests (e.g., boycotts)

Navigation Acts

The Sugar Act, 1764

The Quartering Act, 1765

The Stamp Act, 1765

The Boston Massacre, 1770

The Boston Tea Party, 1773

Intolerable/Coercive Acts, 1774

Sons of Liberty

Explain the significance of the battles of the American Revolution prior to the signing of the Declaration of Independence, including Lexington and Concord and Bunker (Breed’s) Hill.

Explain the historical purposes and consequences of Thomas Paine's Common Sense.

Analyze and interpret the Declaration of Independence, and determine the historical and present-day significance of the document. (T.C.A. 49-6-1028)

Examine various perspectives of men and women during the American Revolution including, loyalists, patriots, neutral colonists, and persons of African descent.

Identify and explain the significance of the following during the American Revolution:

Struggles of the Continental Army (e.g., Valley Forge)

Battles of Trenton and Princeton

Battle of Kings Mountain

Battles of Saratoga

Battle of Yorktown

Guerrilla warfare

Describe the significance of the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 and its impact on the process of gaining statehood, the spread of public education, and the banning of slavery in the territory.

Identify the Articles of Confederation as America’s first constitution, and explain its weaknesses as exemplified by:

Government structure (e.g., one branch, no power to tax)

The Lost State of Franklin

Shays’ Rebellion

Describe the influence of James Madison during the Constitutional Convention, and analyze the major issues debated, including the Great Compromise and the Three-Fifths Compromise. (T.C.A. § 49-6- 1028)

Examine the principles and purposes of government listed in the Preamble and stated in the Constitution, including: (T.C.A. § 49-6-1028)

Checks and balances

Federalism

Limited government

Popular sovereignty

Separation of powers

Describe the origins of the presidential election process, including the electoral college. (T.C.A. § 49-6- 1028)

Describe the conflict between Federalists and Anti-Federalists over the ratification of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights. (T.C.A. 49-6-1028)

Analyze the major events of George Washington's administration, including the precedents he set, the Whiskey Rebellion, and ideas presented in his farewell address.

Explain how conflicts between Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton resulted in the emergence of two political parties, and examine their viewpoints on issues such as foreign policy, economic policy, a national bank, and strict versus loose interpretation of the Constitution.

Explain the significant domestic and international events that impacted the administration of John Adams, including trade conflicts with Great Britain and France.

Identify how westward expansion led to the statehood of Tennessee and the importance of its first state constitution (1796). (T.C.A. § 49-6-1028)

Analyze the effects of the election of 1800, including:

Peaceful transition of power

Midnight judges

Marbury v. Madison (e.g., judicial review)

Explain the major events of Thomas Jefferson’s administration, including:

Conflict with Barbary Pirates

Embargo Act

Lewis and Clark Expedition

Louisiana Purchase

Evaluate the effectiveness of negotiations between the U.S. government and American Indians during the time period.

Explain the causes, course, and consequences of the War of 1812, including:

Use of impressment and trade restrictions between the United States and Great Britain

Roles of Andrew Jackson and Tecumseh

Impact on American Indians

Rise of nationalism in the United States

Explain the purpose and provisions of the Monroe Doctrine.

Determine the role played by Chief Justice John Marshall, including key decisions of the Supreme Court, such as Gibbons v. Ogden (i.e., impact on interstate commerce) and McCulloch v. Maryland (i.e., impact on the national bank).

Examine the importance of the elections of 1824 and 1828, including expansion of voting rights, the corrupt bargain, the spoils system, and Jacksonian Democracy.

Determine the historical significance of key events of Andrew Jackson's administration, including the battle with the Bank of the United States and the Nullification Crisis.

Describe the impact of the Indian Removal Act and the struggle between the Cherokee Nation and the U.S. government, including the significance of Worcester v. Georgia and the Trail of Tears.

Identify changes to voting rights under the Tennessee Constitution of 1834, including the expansion of voting rights to non-property owners and the removal of voting rights for free African-American men. (T.C.A. 49-6-1028)

Describe the development of the agrarian economy in the South, including:

The location of the Cotton Belt

The significance of cotton and the cotton gin

The growth of enslavement

The significance of the planter class and yeoman farmers

Describe the daily life and culture of enslaved persons in the South prior to the Civil War, such as jobs performed, punishments and consequences, oral history, and the influence of religion and music. (T.C.A. 49-6-1028)

Explain how enslaved persons resisted bondage in their daily lives, including passive and overt resistance and Nat Turner’s Rebellion.

Explain the development of the American Industrial Revolution, including:

Eli Whitney and interchangeable parts

Role of the textile industry

Mass production

Introduction of women in the work force

Explain how technological developments affected the growth of the industrial economy and cities in the North, including working and living conditions.

Identify the push-pull factors for Irish and German immigrants, and describe the impact of their arrival in the United States prior to the Civil War.

Analyze the development of roads, canals, railroads, and steamboats throughout the United States, including the Erie Canal.

Describe the significance of the Second Great Awakening and its influence on reform in the 19th century.

Analyze the development of the Woman Suffrage Movement, including the Seneca Falls Convention, and the ideals of reform leaders such as Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Lucretia Mott and Sojourner Truth.

Analyze the significance of leading abolitionists, including William Lloyd Garrison, Frederick Douglass, and Harriet Tubman, and the methods they used to spread the movement.

Analyze the concept of Manifest Destiny and its impact on the development of the nation, including economic incentives for westward expansion, impact on American Indians, and the territorial expansion of slavery.

Explain the reasons for and the provisions of the Missouri Compromise (i.e., Compromise of 1820) and its impact on expansion.

Describe the motivations for American settlements in Mexican-ruled Texas after 1821 and the causes of the Texas War for Independence, and determine the legacy of the Alamo, including Davy Crockett and Sam Houston.

Analyze the reasons for and outcomes of groups moving west, including the significance of:

Fur traders

Mormons

Families on the Oregon Trail

Opportunities for women and African Americans

Identify the major events and impact of James K. Polk's administration, including:

Settlement of the Oregon boundary

The annexation of Texas

Border disputes over the Rio Grande River

Mexican-American War

Mexican Cession

Analyze the discovery of gold in California, its social and economic impact on the United States, and the major migratory movements including the forty-niners and Asian immigrants.

Explain the reasons for and the impact of the Compromise of 1850, including:

Henry Clay’s role as “The Great Compromiser”

Fugitive Slave Act

Harriet Beecher Stowe’s influence with Uncle Tom’s Cabin

Analyze the motivations and divisional effects of the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854, including:

Rise of the Republican Party

“Bleeding Kansas”

Preston Brooks’ attack on Charles Sumner

John Brown’s raid at Harper’s Ferry

Analyze the impact of the Supreme Court's 1857 Dred Scott v. Sanford decision on the debate over slavery in the United States.

Explain the arguments presented by Stephen Douglas and Abraham Lincoln on slavery in the Illinois Senate race debates of 1858.

Describe how sectional division of the United States led to Abraham Lincoln's victory in the election of 1860.

Describe the significance of the Battle of Fort Sumter and Tennessee’s struggle over the decision to secede.

Compare and contrast the Union and Confederacy at the outbreak of the Civil War, including:

Military and political leadership

Military strategies

Infrastructure

Agricultural and industrial strengths

Population

Examine the goals, strategies, and outcomes throughout the Civil War, including:

The Union's Campaign (e.g., General Ulysses S. Grant)

The Confederacy's Campaign (e.g., General Robert E. Lee)

General William T. Sherman’s use of total war

Control of Tennessee

Analyze the significance and motivations of the Emancipation Proclamation and the Gettysburg Address and their relationship to the Battle of Antietam and the Battle of Gettysburg, respectively.

Describe African American involvement in the Union army, including the Massachusetts 54th Regiment at Fort Wagner. (T.C.A. § 49-6-1006)

Examine the technological and medical advancements during the Civil War, and their impact on the role of women and the daily life of the common soldier.

Examine the conclusions of the Civil War, including the passing of the 13th amendment, the Confederate surrender at Appomattox Courthouse, and impact of the assassination of President Lincoln.

Explain the structure of Reconstruction under the Radical Republicans, including:

14th and 15th amendments

Five military zones

Readmittance of Tennessee into the Union

Southern reaction to northern presence

Identify the significance of the Tennessee Constitution of 1870, including the right of all men to vote and the authorization of a poll tax. (T.C.A. § 49-6-1028)

Examine the conflict between President Andrew Johnson and the Radical Republicans over Reconstruction, and determine the significance of Johnson’s impeachment.

Explain the opportunities for and restrictions placed on freedmen, including:

Racial segregation

Black codes

The efforts of the Freedmen's Bureau

The emergence of vigilante actions by the Ku Klux Klan

Explain the outcome of the Election of 1876, including the Compromise of 1877 and its role in ending Radical Reconstruction.

Collect data and information from a variety of primary and secondary sources, including:

Printed materials

Graphic representations

Artifacts

Media and technology sources

Oral History

Critically examine a primary or secondary source in order to:

Extract, summarize, and paraphrase significant ideas and relevant information

Distinguish the difference between fact and opinion

Recognize author’s purpose and point of view, and potential bias

Draw logical inferences and conclusions

Assess the strengths and limitations of arguments

Synthesize data from multiple sources in order to:

Recognize differences among multiple accounts

Establish validity by comparing and contrasting multiple sources

Frame appropriate questions for further investigation

Construct and communicate arguments by citing supporting evidence to:

Demonstrate and defend an understanding of ideas

Compare and contrast viewpoints

Illustrate cause and effect

Predict likely outcomes

Devise new outcomes or solutions

Engage in appropriate civic discourse

Develop historical awareness by:

Recognizing how and why historical accounts change over time

Perceiving and presenting past events and issues as they might have been experienced by the people of the time, with historical empathy vs. present mindedness

Evaluating how unique circumstances of time and place create context and contribute to action and reaction

Identifying patters of continuity and change over time, making connections to the present

Develop geographic awareness by:

Using the geographic perspective to determine relationships, patterns, and diffusion across space at multiple scales

Determining the use of diverse types of maps based on their origin, structure, context, and validity

Analyzing locations, conditions, and connections of places and use maps to investigate spatial relationships

Analyzing interaction between humans and the physical environment

Examining how geographic regions and perceptions of the regions are fluid across time and space

Explain the founding and development of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, including the significance of: • Anne Hutchinson • Role of theocracy • Salem Witch Trials • Town meetings

Explain the founding and development of Jamestown as the first permanent English colony, its early struggles, the economic and political structure, and role of the Powhatan people.

Identify the origins and development of slavery in the colonies, overt and passive resistance to enslavement, and the Middle Passage.

Describe the significance of the First Great Awakening, including its role in unifying the colonies and the growth of religious tolerance.

Explain the Navigation Acts and the policy of mercantilism.

Explain the significance of the Ohio River Valley leading to the French and Indian War and the events and consequences of the conflict, including: the massacre at Fort Loudoun, the Treaty of Paris of 1763, war debt, and the Proclamation Line of 1763.

Explain the political contributions of Benjamin Franklin to the U.S., including the "Join or Die" cartoon and Albany Plan of Union.

Analyze the social, political, and economic causes of the events and groups of the American Revolution, including: • The Quartering Act, 1765 • The Boston Massacre, 1770 • The Stamp Act, 1765 • The Boston Tea Party, 1773 • The Declaratory Act, 1766 • Intolerable/Coercive Acts, 1774 • The Townshend Acts, 1767 • Sons of Liberty

Explain the historical purposes and consequences of Thomas Paine's Common Sense.

Locate and explain the significance of the battles of the American Revolution prior to the signing of the Declaration of Independence, including Lexington and Concord and Bunker (Breed’s) Hill.

Explain the historical and present-day significance of the Declaration of Independence.

Compare and contrast the points of view of Loyalists and Patriots.

Explain the founding and development of the Plymouth Colony, including the significance of: the Mayflower Compact, interactions with Squanto, and the role of religious freedom.

Locate and explain the significance of the following during the American Revolution: • Struggles of the Continental Army • Battle of Saratoga • Battles of Trenton and Princeton • Battle of Yorktown • Battle of Kings Mountain • Guerrilla warfare

Analyze the strengths and weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation, and describe the Land Ordinance of 1785, the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, the Northwest Territory, the Lost State of Franklin, and Shays’ Rebellion.

Describe the roles of James Madison and George Washington during the Constitutional Convention, and analyze the major issues debated, including the Great Compromise and the Three-Fifths Compromise.

Examine the principles and purposes of government articulated in the Preamble and principles stated in the Constitution, including: the separation of powers, federalism, and checks and balances.

Describe the conflict between Federalists and Anti-Federalists over the ratification of the Constitution, including the protection of individual rights through the Bill of Rights and concern for states’ rights.

Analyze the major events of the administration of President George Washington, including: the precedents he set, Whiskey Rebellion, and ideas presented in his farewell address.

Explain how conflicts between Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton resulted in the emergence of two political parties by analyzing their views on foreign policy, economic policy, a national bank, and strict versus loose interpretation of the Constitution.

Explain the controversies that plagued the administration of President John Adams, including: the conflicts with Great Britain and France, the XYZ Affair, and the Alien and Sedition Acts.

Identify how westward expansion led to the statehood of Tennessee and the importance of the first state constitution (1796).

Analyze the significance of the election of 1800 and Chief Justice John Marshall’s opinion in Marbury v. Madison.

Explain the major events of Thomas Jefferson’s presidency, including: • Conflict with the Barbary pirates • Embargo Act • Lewis and Clark Expedition • Louisiana Purchase

Explain the causes, course, and consequences of the War of 1812, including: • Use of impressment and trade restrictions between the U.S. and Great Britain • Roles of Andrew Jackson and William Henry Harrison • Significance of the Treaty of Ghent • Rise in nationalism in the U.S.

Identify and locate the changing boundaries of the U.S. as a result of the Convention of 1818 and the Adams-Onis Treaty.

Analyze the purpose and effects of the Monroe Doctrine.

Describe the development of the agrarian economy in the South, the locations of the cottonproducing states, the significance of cotton and the cotton gin, and the founding of Memphis as a center for cotton and the slave trade.

Analyze the characteristics of Southern society and its influence on the social and political conditions prior to the Civil War.

Identify the conditions of enslavement, and explain how slaves adapted to and resisted bondage in their daily lives, including Nat Turner's revolt.

Explain the development of the American Industrial Revolution, including: • Eli Whitney and interchangeable parts • Role of the textile industry • Emergence of trade unions • Samuel Slater • Lowell System

Describe how technological developments affected the growth of the industrial economy and cities in the North.

Identify the push-pull factors for Irish and German immigrants, and describe the impact of their arrival in the U.S. prior to the Civil War.

Explain the motivation for and the founding of the Rhode Island and Connecticut Colonies, including the roles of Roger Williams and Thomas Hooker.

Analyze the development of roads, canals, railroads, and steamboats throughout the U.S., including the Erie Canal and the National Road.

Describe the significance of the Second Great Awakening and its influence on reform in the 19th century.

Analyze the development of the women’s suffrage movement, including the Seneca Falls Convention, and the ideals of Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Sojourner Truth.

Analyze the significance of leading abolitionists, including William Lloyd Garrison, Frederick Douglass, Elihu Embree, and Harriet Tubman, and the methods they used to spread the movement.

Analyze the role played by Chief Justice John Marshall in strengthening the judicial branch, including the key decisions of the Supreme Court in Gibbons v. Ogden and McCulloch v. Maryland.

Examine President Andrew Jackson’s actions regarding the Bank of the U.S. and the Nullification Crisis, and analyze the effects of these events on the nation.

Examine President Andrew Jackson’s actions regarding the Bank of the U.S. and the Nullification Crisis, and analyze the effects of these events on the nation.

Describe the impact of the Indian Removal Act and the struggle between the Cherokee Nation and the U.S. government, including the significance of Worcester v. Georgia and the Trail of Tears.

Identify that the Tennessee Constitution of 1834 expanded voting rights for non-property owners.

Analyze the concept of Manifest Destiny and its impact on the development of the nation, and describe the economic incentives for westward expansion.

Analyze the economic motivation for the Dutch founding New Netherlands, the diverse population of the colony, and the transition to the English colony of New York.

Explain the reasons for and the provisions of the Missouri Compromise (i.e., Compromise of 1820) and its impact on expansion.

Describe American settlements in Texas after 1821, the causes of the Texas War for Independence, the roles of David Crockett and Sam Houston, and the legacy of the Alamo.

Analyze the reasons for and outcomes of groups moving west, including the significance of: • Fur traders • Mormons • Oregon Trail • Santa Fe Trail

Identify the major events and impact of James K. Polk’s presidency, including the annexation of Texas and the settlement of the Oregon boundary.

Describe the causes and consequences of the Mexican War, including the controversy over the Rio Grande boundary and the Mexican Cession.

Analyze the discovery of gold in California, its social and economic impact on the U.S., and the major migratory movement (including the forty-niners and Asian immigrants).

Explain the reasons for and the impact of the Compromise of 1850 (including Henry Clay’s role as “The Great Compromiser”) and the Fugitive Slave Act (including Harriet Beecher Stowe’s influence with Uncle Tom’s Cabin).

Describe the significance of the Gadsden Purchase of 1853.

Explain the motivations behind the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854, and analyze the effects of act, including: • Rise of the Republican Party • “Bleeding Kansas” • Preston Brooks’ attack on Charles Sumner • John Brown’s raid at Harper’s Ferry

Analyze the Dred Scott v. Sandford decision and the resulting split between the North and South.

Analyze the founding of Pennsylvania as a haven for Quakers and the tolerance that drew many different groups to the colony, including the significance of: • William Penn • Philadelphia • Relationship with American Indians • Role of women

Explain the arguments presented by Stephen Douglas and Abraham Lincoln on slavery in the Illinois Senate race debates of 1858.

Describe the election of 1860 and its candidates (i.e., John Bell, Stephen Douglas, Abraham Lincoln, and John Breckinridge), and analyze how the campaigns reflected sectional turmoil in the country.

Describe the outbreak of the Civil War and the resulting sectional differences, including: • Economic, geographic, and technological advances • Military strategies • Roles of President Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis • Significance of Fort Sumter • Geographical divisions within states

Explain the significance of the following battles, events, and leaders during the Civil War, including: • First Battle of Bull Run • Surrender at Appomattox Court House • Battle of Shiloh • David Farragut • Battle of Antietam • Nathan Bedford Forrest • Battle of Gettysburg • Ulysses S. Grant • Battle of Vicksburg • Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson • Sherman’s March to the Sea • Robert E. Lee

Analyze the significance of the Emancipation Proclamation and the Gettysburg Address.

Describe African American involvement in the Union army, including the Massachusetts 54th Regiment at Fort Wagner and the 13th U.S. Colored Troops in the Battle of Nashville.

Analyze how the writings of Sam Watkins and Elisha Hunt Rhodes illustrated the daily life of the common soldier.

Analyze the immediate political impact of the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson’s ascension to the presidency.

Explain the significance of the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments to the U.S. Constitution.

Analyze President Abraham Lincoln’s Ten Percent Plan, President Andrew Johnson’s Plan, and the Radical Republican Plan for Reconstruction.

Explain the reasons behind the settlement of the Georgia Colony, including: its designation as a “debtor” colony, its function as a “buffer” colony, and the role of James Oglethorpe in its founding.

Identify the significance of the Tennessee Constitution of 1870, including the right of all men to vote and the establishment of a poll tax.

Analyze the conflict between President Andrew Johnson and the Radical Republicans, including Johnson’s veto of the Tenure of Office Act and his impeachment.

Explain the restrictions placed on the rights and opportunities of freedmen, including: racial segregation, black codes, and the efforts of the Freedmen's Bureau to address the problems confronting newly freed slaves.

Trace the rise of the Ku Klux Klan and vigilante justice in the South and in Tennessee, including the role of Governor William Brownlow.

Explain the roles carpetbaggers and scalawags played during Reconstruction.

Explain the Compromise of 1877 and its role in ending Radical Reconstruction.

Locate and identify the Thirteen Colonies, and describe how their location and geographic features influenced regional economic development.

Compare and contrast the locations and goals of British, French, and Spanish settlements in North America.

Expansion and Division of the Nation (1820s-1860s) Overview: Students will analyze the social, political, and economic impact of expansion on the U.S., the growing tensions between the North and South, and how compromise sought to hold the country together.

Colonization (1607-1750) Overview: Students will examine the European settlement of North America, geographic features that influenced early colonies, and the social, religious, political, and economic reasons for colonization.

The American Revolution (1700-1783) Overview: Students will explore the growing tensions between Great Britain and its colonies as well as the major events and outcomes surrounding the American Revolution.

The New Nation (1775-1800) Overview: Students will explore the foundation of U.S. government, the principles of the Articles of Confederation and the U.S. Constitution, and the individuals who played influential roles in the development of the new nation. In addition, students will examine the steps taken by Tennessee to achieve statehood and the initial development of government.

The New Nation (1775-1800) Overview: Students will explore the foundation of U.S. government, the principles of the Articles of Confederation and the U.S. Constitution, and the individuals who played influential roles in the development of the new nation. In addition, students will examine the steps taken by Tennessee to achieve statehood and the initial development of government.

Sectionalism and Reform (1790s-1850s) Overview: Students will analyze the social, political, and economic development of the North and South during the early 19th century, including the growth of sectionalism and reform movements.

The Jacksonian Era (1824-1840) Overview: Students will analyze the impact of John Marshall on the strengthening of the judicial branch and the major events of Andrew Jackson’s presidency.

The Civil War (1860-1865) Overview: Students will examine the political changes that sparked the Civil War, the differences in the North and South, and the key leaders, events, battles, and daily life during the war.

Reconstruction (1865-1877) Overview: Students will analyze the social, economic, and political changes and conflicts during Reconstruction, the events and lasting consequences of Reconstruction, and Reconstruction’s impact on Tennessee.